Which movements are associated with the frontal plane?

The movements associated with the frontal plane are abduction and adduction. The frontal plane, also known as the coronal plane, divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections. Movements that occur in this plane involve limbs moving away from or toward the midline of the body, which is specifically what abduction and adduction represent.

Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the midline, while adduction is the movement of a limb toward the midline. This is significant in various exercises and activities, such as jumping jacks (where limbs move away and return to the midline).

In contrast, flexion and extension primarily occur in the sagittal plane, which divides the body into left and right sections. Horizontal abduction and adduction, while related to the actions of limbs, involve movements occurring in the transverse plane where rotation around the body's vertical axis is considered. Medial and lateral rotation are also associated with the transverse plane. Therefore, abduction and adduction are the primary movements relevant to the frontal plane, making that the correct choice.